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Antonov An-148

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The Antonov An-148 (Template:Lang-ua) is a regional jet designed and built by Antonov of Ukraine. Development of the aircraft was started in the 1990s, and its maiden flight took place on 17 December 2004. The aircraft completed its certification programme on 26 February 2007. The An-148 has a maximum range of 2,100 – (4,400 km) and is able to carry 68–85 passengers, depending on the configuration.

The Antonov An-158 is a stretched fuselage version of the aircraft, accommodating up to 100 passengers.

Following a crash in February 2018, which is still under investigation, all An-148 and An-158 in Russia were grounded by the Russian Ministry of Transport.[1][2] In addition, Cubana grounded its An-158 fleet as of May 2018 due to several technical issues with the aircraft.[3] Until late 2018,[4] the Antonov An-148 aircraft was also being produced in Russia by Voronezh Aircraft Production Association, however due to the souring political relationship between Ukraine and Russia, production in Russia was discontinued.[5] The last Russian-built An-148 was completed in October 2018.[6][7]

Features[]

The An-148 aircraft is a high-wing monoplane with two turbofan jet engines mounted in pods under the wing. This arrangement protects the engines and wing structure against foreign object damage. A built-in autodiagnosis system, auxiliary power unit, and the wing configuration allow the An-148 to be used at poorly equipped airfields. Flight and navigation equipment features five 15 by (20 cm) liquid crystal display panels built by Russia's Aviapribor and a fly-by-wire system, which enables the An-148 aircraft to operate day and night, under instrument flight rules and visual flight rules weather conditions on high-density air routes. Similar to the Boeing 737, the main landing gear rotates into the belly of the aircraft when in flight, with partial doors covering the legs, and the sides of the tires remaining exposed. Built-in entrance stairs enable boarding and disembarking the aircraft without extra ground equipment.[8] The manufacturer claims high fuel efficiency of the Motor Sich D-436-148 engines.[8]

Design, development, and production[]

File:Antonov An-148-100E, Angara Airlines AN2208296.jpg

An-148 cabin

The beginning of the An-148 project dates to the early 1990s, when work on the Antonov An-74 passenger modification started, headed by Petro Balabuev. In 2001, the project was renamed An-148. The An-74 fuselage was extended and the new aircraft's wing design was created from scratch. The developers initially used Motor Sich D-436-148 engines. Other variants with Western-made engines with thrust of 58.86 - (78.48 kN) (such as the General Electric CF34 or Rolls-Royce BR700) are being considered.[9]

In 2002, production of the first three prototypes was begun at AVIANT. On 17 December 2004, the first prototype completed its maiden flight. The second prototype joined the testing programme in April 2005.[10] During the certification programme, the two prototypes performed about 600 flights in total.[11] On 26 February 2007, the aircraft, its D-436-148 engine and the AI-450-МS auxiliary power unit were certified by the Interstate Aviation Committee of Russia and the State Aviation Administration of Ukraine.

The An-148 is manufactured by the Ukrainian Kiev AVIANT plant (now Antonov Serial Production Plant) and Russia's Voronezh Aircraft Production Association (VASO). On 28 June 2009, the first serially produced An-148, manufactured at VASO in Voronezh, took to the skies.[10] Although numerous companies are involved in the project, at least 70% of the aircraft's hardware is made by Russian manufacturers.[12] The An-148's list price is about $24–30 million.[8] The main problem with the project has been increasing the aircraft's sluggish production rate. The then-independent AVIANT plant initially failed to satisfy to growing orders, leading to VASO's growing involvement in the aircraft's assembly.[8] However, as a result of political instability in the Ukraine, VASO announced in June 2017 that the two final Russian-assembled An-148s would be delivered, and the project would not see further development.[13]

Total Production 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
47 3 2 3 5 5 9 4 6 6 2 0 0 0 1 1

Variants[]

File:Air Koryo Antonov An-148-100B.jpg

An Air Koryo An-148

File:Cubana - Antonov An-158.jpg

A Cubana de Aviación An-158

The An-148-100 regional aircraft is the main model of the An-148. It seats 70 passengers at 864 mm (in {{{4}}}) or up to 80 passengers at 762 mm (in {{{4}}}) pitch in a one-class 2+3 seating layout. The aircraft is also configurable in a multiple-class layout which can carry fewer passengers, typically with four abreast business class.[14]

For Siberian operators, Antonov plans a model with a higher gross weight and additional fuel capacity in the center tank, extending the range with 75 passengers from 2198 km (nmi mi {{{4}}}) to 3598 km (nmi mi {{{4}}}). An “E” variant is also planned to offer a special 5100 km (nmi mi {{{4}}}) range, which would serve as a platform for the "E1", capable of non-stop Moscow-Vladivostok 6995 km (nmi mi {{{4}}}) services carrying 44 passengers.Template:Citation needed

An-148-100A
main version of the An-148. It has a passenger capacity of 75 in a one-class standard configuration (85 dense) or 68 in a two-class configuration and a range of 2100 km (nmi mi {{{4}}})
An-148-100Bc
extended range version up to 3500 km (nmi mi {{{4}}})
An-148-100E
extended range version up to 4400 km (nmi mi {{{4}}}) and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 43.7 tonnes (kg lb {{{4}}})
An-148-200
unified with An-158 by the rear part of the fuselage. Hence maximum seating capacity is increased to 89 passengers in dense configuration, comparing to 85 for An-148-100. Planned for production in Kiev with An-158.[15]
An-148-300
previously called An-168, business variant, seating 8-40 passengers, with a range up to 7000 km (nmi mi {{{4}}})[16]
An-148DRLV
proposed airborne early warning and control variant.[17]
An-158
stretched fuselage version for 99 passengers in a one-class standard configuration.[18][19][20] Other changes include the installation of wingtip fences. The airplane successfully completed its first flight on 28 April 2010, with flight certification tests planned to be completed before the end of 2010;[21] on 3 March 2011, it was given Russian certification.[22] Nowadays, after flight and land test in night lands airports of Ecuador (Latacunga / Cotopaxi International Airport, 2806 m AMSL) and Bolivia (La Paz / El Alto International Airport, 4061 m AMSL) in November 2013 prepare documentation for obtaining correspondent supplements to the type certificate of this airplane.[23]
An-178
cargo variant, with a payload capacity of 15 tonnes (kg lb {{{4}}}).[18][24][25] The wing outer panels (including winglets), front fuselage with cockpit and nosewheel leg come from the An-158. The cargo hold is slightly enlarged, and there is an extra pair of main-wheels on each side.[26]
HESA IrAn-148
Designation of An-148 aircraft proposed for licence production from knocked down kits in Iran.

Orders and operational history[]

File:First Russian An-148.jpg

The first Russian-built An-148 at the MAKS 2009 airshow

In April 2005, the Ilyushin Finance Leasing Company ordered the first series of An-148 for the Krasair airline. Lease agreement calls for ten aircraft with an option for five units valued at $270 million.[27]

On 2 June 2009, the first An-148 entered commercial service with the Ukrainian carrier Aerosvit.[28] The first passenger flight was from Kharkiv to Kiev; the aircraft had the civilian registration UR-NTA.[29] By November 2009, Aerosvit was operating the An-148 on the Kiev–Odessa and Simferopol–Lviv routes, performing two flights a day with the average flight time of 4–5 hours.[8]

On 21 December 2009, the An-148 was put into service in Russia with Rossiya airline. The first passenger flight was FV135 from Pulkovo Airport in Sankt Petersburg to Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow.[10] By 20 May 2010, Rossiya's An-148 fleet had accumulated a total of 915 flight hours and performed 710 landings.[30] Rossiya complained that the aircraft experienced some reliability problems.[31] There were some technical problems with the aircraft, and pilot training could not be ramped up fast enough, leading to pilot shortages.[30] However, by 2011 the situation had clearly improved.[32]

On 15 February 2010, the An-148 started international flights to the European Union (Poland) with the Aerosvit airline.[33]

On 18 April 2013, the first serial An-158 version was delivered to the Cuban flagship airline Cubana de Aviación. According to Antonov, Cubana additionally ordered two more aircraft,[34] while other sources report this order to be for ten aircraft.[35]

On 28 April 2013, Ukraine's Antonov aircraft maker handed over a third An-158 passenger airliner to Cuba and signed a contract for the delivery of three more.

The Russian ambassador in Bolivia and the government of Evo Morales are negotiating the acquisition of one aircraft of this type for use as the presidential carrier and another eight for the state-owned airlines: Boliviana de Aviación (BoA) and Transporte Aéreo Militar (TAM).

In April 2016, Indian company Reliance defense limited and Antonov entered into an agreement to construct an aircraft based on An 148/ An 158 for defense and commercial purposes.[36]

In April 2017, Cubana de Aviación suspended its flights between Havana and Guantánamo due to "technical problems" with its An-158 fleet. The route from Havana to Holguín also had problems: of 116 planned flights in the first months of 2017, 38 were cancelled and 36 suffered significant delays.[37] Yoanka Acosta, head of Cubana's commercial division, explained that the planes were leased from Ukraine but spare parts were sourced from Russia, so the state of conflict between the two countries had affected the supply of parts, making maintenance difficult.[37] In late April, however, representatives from Antonov and Cubana met and signed a service agreement that extended the aircraft's navigation directives to 3,600 flights and guaranteed the supply of spare parts, although it did not specify a date for normalization.[38]

In March 2018 Rostransnadzor suspended all flights of An-148 in Russia after crash on 11 February 2018.[39]

In May 2018, Cubana de Aviación grounded its An-158 fleet after it received an order from the Cuban National Aviation Authority. The official reason given by the Cuban National Aviation Authority was “multiple and repeating failures have been found in complex systems, built by mechanical, hydraulic and electrical components, as well as computer performance algorithms,” in addition to “evidence of design and manufacturing flaws, serious issues in flight control system, cracks in the structure and engine temperature increase above normal parameters.”[3]

Specifications[]

File:First Ukrainian serial production An-148.jpg

Rollout ceremony of the first Ukrainian-built, serially produced An-148 in December 2009

File:Air Koryo Antonov An-148-100B Belyakov-4.jpg

Cockpit of an An-148-100B

Measurement 148-100A 148-100B 148-100E 158
Cockpit crew 2
Seating capacity 85 (1-class, dense)
75 (1-class, typical)
68 (2-class, typical)		 99 (1-class, dense)
90 (1-class, typical)
86 (2-class, typical)
Seat pitch 30 in (1-class, dense)
32 in (1-class, typical)
35 & 32 in (2-class, typical)		 30 in (1-class, dense)
32 in (1-class, typical)
34 & 31 in (2-class, typical)
Length 29.13 m (ftin {{{4}}}) 30.83 m (ftin {{{4}}})
Wingspan 28.91 m (ftin {{{4}}}) 28.56 m (ftin {{{4}}})
Wing area 87.32 sqm (sqft {{{4}}}) –
Height 8.19 m (ftin {{{4}}}) 8.20 m (ftin {{{4}}})
Cabin Width 3.15 m (ftin {{{4}}})
Cabin Height 2.00 m (ftin {{{4}}})
Maximum take-off weight 38550 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 41950 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 43700 kg (lb {{{4}}})
Maximum payload 9000 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 5000 kg (lb {{{4}}})
Cargo capacity 14.60 m3 (cuft {{{4}}}) –
Takeoff run at MTOW 1560 m (ft {{{4}}}) 1800 m (ft {{{4}}}) 1885 m (ft {{{4}}}) 1900 m (ft {{{4}}})
Dry Operating Weight(DOW) 16800 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 19800 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 22000 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 22000 kg (lb {{{4}}})
Max Zero Fuel Weight 28850 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 31850 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 34050 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 34050 kg (lb {{{4}}})
Max Landing Weight 30000 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 33000 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 36050 kg (lb {{{4}}}) 36050 kg (lb {{{4}}})
Max Fuel Weight 12050 kg (lb {{{4}}})
Normal/Econ Cruise Altitude 11000 m ( {{{4}}})
Service ceiling 12200 m ({{{3}}} {{{4}}})
Cruising speed 800 km/h to 870 km/h (497 mph to 541 mph)
Range fully loaded
(with 75 pax for 148 variant)		 2100 km ({{{3}}} {{{4}}}) 3500 km ({{{3}}} {{{4}}}) 4400 km ({{{3}}} {{{4}}}) 2500 km ({{{3}}} {{{4}}})
Fuel consumption 1,550 kg/h (3,417 lb/h) 1,600 kg/h (3,527 lb/h) 1,650 kg/h (3,638 lb/h) 1,800 kg/h (3,968 lb/h)
Engine (x 2) Progress D-436-148 D-436
Max. thrust (x 2) 6,400 Kgf
14,080 lbf (63.0 kN)		 6,830 Kgf
15,026 lbf (67.0 kN)

Sources: Antonov Design Bureau,[40] United Aircraft Corporation,[41] flightglobal.com,[18] Aviant.[42]

Current orders and deliveries[]

File:UR-NTN 04.jpg

An An-158 during a flight display

Airline Order Delivered Refs
Template:Flagicon Air Koryo 2 2 [43]
Template:Flagicon Angara Airlines 5 5 [44][45]
Template:Flagicon Ministry of Defence 15 15 [46][47][48]
Template:Flagicon Ministry of Emergency Situations 2 2 [49]
Template:Flagicon Russian Presidential Administration 5 3 [50]
Template:Flagicon Ukraine Air Enterprise 2 2 [51]
Template:Flagicon Border Guard Service of Russia 3 2 [52]
Template:Flagicon Cubana de Aviación 6 6 [53]
Total 40 37

Incidents and accidents[]

  • On 5 March 2011, an Antonov An-148 (assembled by VASO) carrying test registration 61708 crashed during a test flight in Russia's Belgorod Oblast after an inflight breakup, killing all six crew members on board. An investigation commission found that the crew permitted the aircraft to accelerate more than 60 knots above its "Never Exceed" speed in an emergency descent, which led to the inflight breakup.[54] Witnesses on the ground reported a wing had separated from the aircraft in flight. The aircraft was due to be delivered to Myanmar, where two of the dead were from.[55]
  • On 11 February 2018, an Antonov An-148 operating as Saratov Airlines Flight 703, crashed shortly after take off near Ramenskoye, outside of Moscow. The aircraft was carrying 65 passengers and 6 crew members. There were no survivors. This is the first fatal commercial accident for this aircraft type.[56]

See also[]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References[]

  1. ↑ Ространснадзор предписал приостановить полеты Ан-148 после катастрофы.
  2. ↑ "Russia Grounds All AN-148 Planes Over Safety Fears After Plane Crash" (in en). https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russia-grounds-all-an-148-planes-over-safety-fears-after-plane-crash-60882. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diaz, Pablo (May 17, 2018). Cubana de Aviación Grounds Antonov 158 Fleet (en). Retrieved on 2018-05-18.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Russia's UAC to invest $160 mln in An-148 manufacturer - Sputnik International
  5. ↑ "Flight International, World Airliner directory - special report" (in en). https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/25573. 
  6. ↑ Появились фото испытаний последнего АН-148, собранного в Воронеже для Минобороны (ru). Retrieved on 2019-01-19.
  7. ↑ Russia curtails production of the Antonov An-148 regional jet. Retrieved on 2019-01-19.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Синицкий, Алексей (1 November 2009). "Antonov-148 jet enters in service in Russia". Air Transport Observer (A.B.E Media). http://www.ato.ru/content/antonov-148-jet-enters-service-russia. Retrieved 12 February 2011. 
  9. ↑ An-148. Antonov.com. Antonov ASTC (2004). Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 27 June 2006.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 History of An-148. United Aircraft Corporation (2010). Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.
  11. ↑ AN-148. Antonov Design Bureau (2010). Archived from the original on 25 January 2018.
  12. ↑ "Russia to produce Ukrainian-designed passenger jet". RIA Novosti. 19 July 2010. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100719/159867392.html. 
  13. ↑ Russia will finish the production of the An-148 after completing the assembly of two aircraft - News - Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM.
  14. ↑ Aircraft fleet. polet.ru. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved on 27 May 2013.
  15. ↑ "Антонов" готовит новую модификацию Ан-148. АвиаПорт.Ru. Retrieved on 26 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "New customer of ANTONOV-148". Deagel. 16 June 2009. http://www.deagel.com/news/Atlant-Soyuz-Airlines-Signs-MoU-for-the-Purchase-of-30-An-148s-and-15-Tu-204SMs_n000006333.aspx. Retrieved 8 August 2012. 
  17. ↑ Antonov to produce new airborne early warning and control aircraft for Ukrainian Air Force (8 May 2017). Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved on 8 May 2017.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Francis, Leithen (28 September 2009). "Antonov discloses An-158 specifications". Flightglobal (Beijing: Flight International). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/antonov-discloses-an-158-specifications-332823/. Retrieved 17 March 2010. 
  19. ↑ Zaitsev, Tom (16 March 2010). "Antonov points to 9 May for An-158 first flight". Flightglobal (Moscow). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/antonov-points-to-9-may-for-an-158-first-flight-339542/. Retrieved 17 March 2010. 
  20. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  21. ↑ Maiden Flight of AN-158 Has Been Fulfilled without Problems. Retrieved on 26 December 2014.
  22. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (3 March 2011). "Russian authorities certificate An-158". Flightglobal (Flight International). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-authorities-certificate-an-158-353833/. Retrieved 3 March 2011. 
  23. ↑ Template:Cite press release
  24. ↑ "Antonov Design Bureau begins to design An-178 transport aircraft". Radio Ukraine International. 24 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110220040508/http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=112297. Retrieved 17 March 2010. 
  25. ↑ На базе пассажирских Ан-158 намерены создавать грузовые самолеты. Retrieved on 26 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "Latest Antonov Cargo Jet On Show". Aviation Week. 15 June 2015. http://aviationweek.com/paris-air-show-2015/latest-antonov-cargo-jet-show. Retrieved 15 June 2015. 
  27. ↑ Ryzhkin, Sergey (7 June 2005). "Aircraft for the Provinces". Kommersant. Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060708221055/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=583456. Retrieved 26 June 2006. 
  28. ↑ "Antonov Design Bureau developing new aircraft on base of An-148, industrial ministry says". Interfax-Ukraine. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. https://www.webcitation.org/6HD1xg2tT?url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/15291.html. 
  29. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir (1 November 2010). "Supporting An-148". Russian Aviation. https://www.ruaviation.com/docs/3/2010/11/1/2/. Retrieved 12 February 2011. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Karnozov, Vladimir (1 November 2010). "An-148 proves worthy of airline service". Russian Aviation. https://www.ruaviation.com/docs/2/2010/11/1/6/. Retrieved 12 February 2011. 
  31. ↑ "Rossiya slams An-148 reliability". Flightglobal (Flight International). 1 October 2010. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/rossiya-slams-an-148-reliability-347983/. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 
  32. ↑ "An-148 monthly utilization rose to 270 flight hours". Russian Aviation. 19 January 2011. https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2011/1/19/110/. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 
  33. ↑ A wing to EU. Kyiv Weekly (1 April 2010). Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
  34. ↑ The First AN−158 Has Entered into Operation (18 April 2013). Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 27 May 2013.
  35. ↑ "An-158 gearing up for new orders". Take-off Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. https://www.webcitation.org/6EVOK7zU0?url=http://en.take-off.ru/news/102/598. Retrieved 27 May 2013. 
  36. ↑ idrw.org/antonov-and-reliance-sign-moc-for-indias-multi-role-transport-aircraft-program
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "'Problemas técnicos' de los An-158 provocan retrasos y suspensiones en vuelos nacionales" (in Spanish). Diario de Cuba (Havana). 2017-04-21. http://www.diariodecuba.com/cuba/1492781209_30551.html. Retrieved 2017-05-16. 
  38. ↑ "Empresa ucraniana Antonov y Cubana de Aviación firman acuerdo" (in Spanish). CiberCuba (Havana). 2017-04-28. https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2017-04-28-u1-e186450-empresa-ucraniana-antonov-y-cubana-aviacion-firman-acuerdo. Retrieved 2017-05-16. 
  39. ↑ https://vz.ru/news/2018/3/20/913437.html
  40. ↑ AN-148. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 26 December 2014.
  41. ↑ An-148 Flight Performance (ru). United Aircraft Corporation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved on 15 August 2009.
  42. ↑ AN-148-200 Specifications. Template:Webarchive
  43. ↑ "Air Koryo to rejuvenate fleet with Antonov An-148". ch-aviation.ch. 21 November 2012. http://www.ch-aviation.ch/portal/news/14717-air-koryo-to-rejuvenate-fleet-with-antonov-an-148. Retrieved 25 May 2013. 
  44. ↑ Mikhail Fomichev (28 March 2012). Russian Regional Airline to Buy 3 An-148s. RIA Novosti. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
  45. ↑ Новый самолет АН-148 авиакомпании "Ангара" совершил посадку в Иркутске. Новости. Angara Airlines. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved on 31 October 2012.
  46. ↑ The Russian Ministry of Defence buys 15 passenger airplanes Antonov AN-148.. Air Recognition (11 June 2013). Retrieved on 17 June 2013.
  47. ↑ Russian Aerospace Forces to Receive Three An-148 Passenger Aircraft in 2017. Sputnik (14 March 2017). Retrieved on 16 September 2017.
  48. ↑ Последний российский Ан-148. bmpd.livejournal.com (18 October 2018). Retrieved on 21 October 2018.
  49. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir (24 November 2010). "Emercom orders two An-148s". Russian Aviation. https://www.ruaviation.com/docs/3/2010/11/24/15/. Retrieved 16 January 2011. 
  50. ↑ The AN−158 and AN−148 enter market of Latin America. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018.
  51. ↑ Второй самолет Ан-148 для государственной авиакомпании "Украина".
  52. ↑ "UAC will deliver three An-148 aircraft to the Federal Security Service". Russian Aviation. 7 May 2014. https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2014/5/7/2314/. Retrieved 25 May 2014. 
  53. ↑ Gusarov, Roman (15 May 2013). "Welcoming An-158 in Cuba". Russian Aviation. https://www.ruaviation.com/docs/5/2013/5/15/68/. Retrieved 27 May 2015. 
  54. ↑ Hradecky, Simon (5 March 2011). "Crash: Antonov A148 near Voronezh on Mar 5th 2011, in flight break up". The Aviation Herald. http://avherald.com/h?article=438db1d5. Retrieved 5 March 2011. 
  55. ↑ "Six dead as An-148 plane crashes in southern Russia". RIA Novosti. Moscow: Sputnik. 5 March 2011. https://sputniknews.com/russia/20110305162874868/. Retrieved 5 March 2011. 
  56. ↑ Plane with 71 on board goes missing after taking off from Moscow. Russia Today. Retrieved on 11 February 2018.

External links[]

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